Thus, the amount of melanin present in our skin is dependent on a balance between available sunlight and folic acid destruction, and protection from UV radiation and vitamin D production. Found insideThis book describes in vitro and ex vivo models that can be employed to investigate effects of digested food products on the GIT, or specific components thereof. Although periodic accumulation of excess fat may have provided an evolutionary advantage to our ancestors, who experienced unpredictable bouts of famine, it is now becoming chronic and considered a major health threat. Dendritic cells and macrophages are broadly similar: both take up antigens and present them to immune cells, called T lymphocytes, which drive immune defenses within the body. However, dendritic cells and macrophages orchestrate different immune functions and target different T lymphocyte types. Melanin is a dark pigment primarily responsible for skin color. The present volume shows some glimpses of such an extensive area of current immunology research. With flow cytometry, the frequencies of DCs and T cells at different tumor stages and the expression of the inhibitory molecules programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) on T cells were analyzed. Graphs show the mean ± SE. Microarray patches enable the development of skin-targeted vaccines against COVID-19. (A)…, Combination of DC boost with checkpoint blockade of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)…, MeSH (A) The treatment scheme for isotype control, DC boost, checkpoint blockade and combination therapies over 5 weeks is depicted. Background: Figure 8. The relative coloration of the skin depends of the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale and taken up by keratinocytes. Cells in this layer are shed periodically and are replaced by cells pushed up from the stratum granulosum (or stratum lucidum in the case of the palms and soles of feet). It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes. Bringing the popular first edition fully up to date, Dendritic Cell Protocols, Second Edition presents protocols from experts in the field that cover the basics and more complex forays into the exploration of DC development and function, ... Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Mice in the combination group received treatment with DC boost and checkpoint blockade. . Immunological alterations were characterized in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs) by flow cytometry, CyTOF, microarray and RT-qPCR to understand how immune cells can control tumor growth. Immunosuppressive molecules increase with tumor…, Immunosuppressive molecules increase with tumor progression. The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, and so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. What is another name for dendritic cells? It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. Dermal papillae increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis; the greater the folding, the stronger the connections made (Figure 4). eCollection 2020. Melanin occurs in two primary forms. Carenza C, Calcaterra F, Oriolo F, Di Vito C, Ubezio M, Della Porta MG, Mavilio D, Della Bella S. Front Immunol. The keratinocytes that compose the stratum lucidum are dead and flattened (see Figure 4). The Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases will cover the following areas: Inflammatory Processes and Cells Inflammatory Diseases Mediators of Inflammation Pharmacology of Inflammation Since inflammatory diseases and their therapy cover a ... DC boost treatment improves antitumor immune responses in the draining lymph node. that is composed primarily of two types of cells: keratinocytes and dendritic cells. Holocrine. (A) RNA-seq analysis was performed with ear skin/tumor tissue from TF (tumor-free), tumor-early (TE) and TA (tumor-advanced) tg(Grm1)EPv mice. A type of secretion where the entire cell breaks up to form secretion. 2021 Jan;9 (1):e000832. A microscope image of immune cells (Langerhans cells in red, dendritic epidermal T cells in green) spreading out among the epithelial cells in the skin Greco Lab View 1 Image It requires about 10 days after initial sun exposure for melanin synthesis to peak, which is why pale-skinned individuals tend to suffer sunburns of the epidermis initially. This in-depth work discusses how these antigen-presenting cells are modulated by various physicochemical agents (such as UV light) and how they can be infected by the AIDS virus. (B) Representative histograms showing carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution of CD8+ T cells in response to the different DC subsets. Tumor growth was determined by measuring ear thickness changes over time. This edition of ICD-O, the standard tool for coding diagnoses of neoplasms in tumour and cancer registrars and in pathology laboratories, has been developed by a working party convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer / ... A basal cell is a cuboidal-shaped stem cell that is a precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Skin Pigmentation. The stratum basale (also called the stratum germinativum) is the deepest epidermal layer and attaches the epidermis to the basal lamina, below which lie the layers of the dermis. In a growing fetus, fingerprints form where the cells of the stratum basale meet the papillae of the underlying dermal layer (papillary layer), resulting in the formation of the ridges on your fingers that you recognize as fingerprints. Frog Skin Innate Immune Defences: Sensing and Surviving Pathogens. These cells are especially abundant on the surfaces of the hands and feet. Whether these subsets have distinct or redundant function in vivo is poorly understood. Moles range from benign accumulations of melanocytes to melanomas. The nuclei and other cell organelles disintegrate as the cells die, leaving behind the keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, the stratum corneum, and the accessory structures of hair and nails. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties. It has a fifth layer, called the stratum lucidum, located between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum (Figure 2). It is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. It was in 1868, when DCs of the skin were first described by Langerhans. Secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) contains both lymphoid-resident DC, that are directly derived from blood-borne precursors, and (B) Tg(Grm1)EPv mice at the transition from tumor-early (TE) to tumor-advanced (TA) stage were treated and ear thickness changes for 8–10 mice per group from two independent experiments were measured weekly. IFNγ, interferon γ; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α. Dendritic cells are larger antigen-presenting cells with large cytoplasmic projections that are similar in structure to dendrites of nerve cells. These cells are densely packed with eleiden, a clear protein rich in lipids, derived from keratohyalin, which gives these cells their transparent (i.e., lucid) appearance and provides a barrier to water. There are at least three subsets of skin DC— Langerhans cells (LC), Langerin+ dermal DCs (dDCs), and classic dDCs. Found insideThe present book was developed to provide an update on issues relevant to the treatment of selected tropical diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and ectoparasites such as chiggers which are widely ... The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer. Defined Intestinal Regions Are Drained by Specific Lymph Nodes That Mount Distinct Th1 and Th2 Responses Against. Cells of the Epidermis. In addition, the papillary layer contains phagocytes, defensive cells that help fight bacteria or other infections that have breached the skin. Statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis for (B) and (C). Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. (A)…, The DC boost results in increased infiltration of activated dendritic cells (DCs) and…, DC boost treatment improves antitumor immune responses in the draining lymph node. Tg(Grm1)EPv mice at the transition from tumor-early (TE) to tumor-advanced (TA) stage were treated for 5 weeks as described in figure 3A. Found insideIn this research topic, we intend to provide an excellent platform for the collection of manuscripts addressing in depth how diverse innate immune cell subsets impact on T cell responses through molecularly defined pathways and evaluating ... Successful anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy requires T Cell-Dendritic cell crosstalk involving the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12. As a negative control, T cells were cultured without stimulation but with IL-2 only (+IL-2). These include epidermal Langerhans cells, CD14 + dermal dendritic cells, CD1a + CD1c/BDCA-1 + dermal dendritic cells, and CD1a + CD141/BDCA-3 + dermal dendritic cells. The desmosomes interlock with each other and strengthen the bond between the cells. Glutamatergic Signaling a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Melanoma. Front Immunol. Are Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells Critical for Protective Antitumor Immunity and How? This book reviews the role of each cell subset in the skin, providing the basics for understanding skin immunology and the mechanisms of skin diseases. Dendritic cells are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, and are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. This book provides readers with an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the resolution of inflammation and on new developments in this area, including pro-resolution mediators, apoptosis, macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, possible ... J Immunother Cancer. Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Oncology (Williston Park). Written and edited by leading international experts in the field, this is an essential resource for trainee pediatric pathologists, as well as general pathologists who may encounter pediatric cases. Results from six to eight to 8 mice per group from five independent experiments are shown. (E) Percentages of PD-1+ and TIM-3+ CD8+ T cells from three experiments. This was complemented with RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis to investigate the immune status of the tumors. The cells in all of the layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes. Science 2018;359:1350–5. (G) Percentages of IFNγ+ and of TNFα+ CD8+ T cells from three experiments are shown. Dendritic cells (DCs), named for their probing, ‘tree-like’ or dendritic shapes, are responsible for the initiation of adaptive immune responses and hence function as the ‘sentinels’ of the immune system. Men tend to accumulate fat in different areas (neck, arms, lower back, and abdomen) than do women (breasts, hips, thighs, and buttocks). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. (C) Tumor RNA from isotype control and combination therapy treated mice was analyzed by microarray. View this, This ABC video follows the story of a pair of fraternal African-American twins, one of whom is albino. It is comprised of … DC originate in the bone marrow and can be subdivided into ‘lymphoid resident’ and ‘migratory’ (mig)DC subsets depending on whether they reach lymphoid organs directly from blood, or after residing for several … These structures populate the landscape of our skin. marrow-derived dendritic cells, the mammalian skin contains at least three distinct lineages of dendritic cells, including Ia+ nonlymphoid dendritic cells (epidermal and dermal Langerhans cells, veiled cells in the lymphatics), dendritic epidermal T cells (mouse), and less well-characterized dermal Watch this, http://openstaxcollege.org/files/textbook_version/low_res_pdf/13/col11496-lr.pdf, Identify the components of the integumentary system, Describe the layers of the skin and the functions of each layer, Identify and describe the hypodermis and deep fascia, Describe the role of keratinocytes and their life cycle, Describe the role of melanocytes in skin pigmentation. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Summary graph for seven mice per group from four independent experiments is shown. Blue arrows indicate DC boost interventions and red arrows indicate checkpoint blockade. Found insideThe book is built in thematic sections that allow readers to rapidly navigate around related content. Specific sections focus on basic, applied, and clinical immunology. Dendritic cells • Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a heterogeneous cell population residing in most peripheral tissues, particularly at sites of interphase with the environment. The epidermis harbors a number of other cell … Boosting dendritic cell (DC) numbers and function facilitates responsiveness to checkpoint blockade. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). The stratum basale is a single layer of cells primarily made of basal cells. The vertebrate immune system defends the organism against invading pathogens while at the same time being self-tolerant to the body’s own constituents thus preserving its integrity. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. 8600 Rockville Pike The condition is especially noticeable on darker skin. Lee YS, O'Brien LJ, Walpole CM, Pearson FE, Leal-Rojas IM, Masterman KA, Atkinson V, Barbour A, Radford KJ. The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum begin the synthesis of keratin and release a water-repelling glycolipid that helps prevent water loss from the body, making the skin relatively waterproof. -, Garris CS, Arlauckas SP, Kohler RH, et al. . Thin Skin versus Thick Skin. The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. n=8–10 mice per group from two independent experiments. In normal human skin, four phenotypically distinguishable CD11c + MHC class II + subsets of dendritic cells have been characterized. These include epidermal Langerhans cells, CD14 + dermal dendritic cells, CD1a + CD1c/BDCA-1 + dermal dendritic cells, and CD1a + CD141/BDCA-3 + dermal dendritic cells. Figure 9. Costimulatory Molecules and Immune Checkpoints Are Differentially Expressed on Different Subsets of Dendritic Cells. We propose that this network creates a unique skin environment that may condition dendritic cell phenotype and function. Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, and Corneum. Found insideText and Atlas of Wound Diagnosis and Treatment is logically divided into four sections: Integumentary Basics which covers fundamental topics such as anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system and acute and chronic wound healing ... The three main migratory skin DC subsets (LCs, cDC1, cDC2) were sorted from the tumor-draining LNs (see online supplemental figure S4C for sorting strategy). As new keratinocytes are produced atop the stratum basale, the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are pushed into the stratum granulosum. As that name implies, these cells are derived from the same myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow that give rise to granulocytes and monocytes [View]. 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030 The cells (three to five layers deep) become flatter, their cell membranes thicken, and they generate large amounts of the proteins keratin, which is fibrous, and keratohyalin, which accumulates as lamellar granules within the cells (see Figure 4). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Skin that has four layers of cells is referred to as “thin skin.” From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. The color of skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential. Where the fat is deposited and accumulates within the hypodermis depends on hormones (testosterone, estrogen, insulin, glucagon, leptin, and others), as well as genetic factors. Varga JFA, Bui-Marinos MP, Katzenback BA. Found insideBecause the names we give to cells are often associated with a functional connotation, this is much more than simple semantics. The deeper layer of skin is well vascularized (has numerous blood vessels). 2007 Oct;23(10):819-25. doi: 10.1051/medsci/20072310819. We used the transgenic tg(Grm1)EPv melanoma mouse strain that develops spontaneous, slow-growing tumors to perform immunological analysis during tumor progression. Front Immunol. This layer is the first line of defense against the environment. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). Therefore, its accuracy as a health indicator can be called into question in individuals who are extremely physically fit. This leads to a loss of color in patches (Figure 9). Paul Langerhans first described DCs in human skin in 1868 but thought they were cutaneous nerve cells. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 2020 Oct 23;11:592325. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592325. Dendritic cell heterogeneity Dendritic cells (DC) can be divided into subsets based on properties that include cell-surface phenotype, developmental origins and tissue location. Similarly, Addison’s disease can stimulate the release of excess amounts of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which can give the skin a deep bronze color. The skin and its accessory structures make up the integumentary system, which provides the body with overall protection. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the integument. The cells in the different layers of the epidermis originate from basal cells located in the stratum basale, yet the cells of each layer are distinctively different. These cells were characterized by their dendritic morphology, low density, exceptional mobility and ability to present antigens to resting T cells. These LC represent approximately 3% of epidermal cells and form a constituent part of the skin immune system. 2.4). Precursor cells are extracted from the blood of the patients. Melanosomes are temporary structures that are eventually destroyed by fusion with lysosomes; this fact, along with melanin-filled keratinocytes in the stratum corneum sloughing off, makes tanning impermanent. ... An oily substance that breaks up dirt and softens and lubricates hair and skin. Figure 1. FOIA They are usually found in stratified epithelia and make up approximately 4% of the epidermal cells where they fulfill their primary defense function. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394–424. Sorted DCs were cocultured with gp100-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from pmel-1 mice in a ratio of DCs:T cells 1:3 for 3 days. A Springer Lab Manual Review of the First Edition: "This is a most useful volume which will be a welcome addition for personal use and also for laboratories in a wide range of disciplines. Highly recommended. Individuals with albinism tend to need more protection from UV radiation, as they are more prone to sunburns and skin cancer. during the first week of treatment and weekly intratumoral injections of polyI:C and anti-CD40 (25 µg each per mouse). This increased melanin accumulation protects the DNA of epidermal cells from UV ray damage and the breakdown of folic acid, a nutrient necessary for our health and well-being. 2002 Jan;16(1 Suppl 1):27-31. Bookshelf Eumelanin exists as black and brown, whereas pheomelanin provides a red color. Dendritic cell function in sentinel nodes. Med Sci (Paris). The stratum granulosum has a grainy appearance due to further changes to the keratinocytes as they are pushed from the stratum spinosum. Figure 2. A strength of Concepts of Biology is that instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Skin that has four layers of cells is referred to as “thin skin.” From deep to superficial, these layers are the EM × 2700. T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment. In vitiligo, the melanocytes in certain areas lose their ability to produce melanin, possibly due to an autoimmune reaction. However, in these cases the effect on skin color has nothing do with the skin’s pigmentation. Figure 4. The third edition of this volume is aimed at providing both beginners and more experienced researchers a choice of methods to isolate and analyze dendritic cells(DC). Layers of the Epidermis. Cell 2015;161:205–14. This stored fat can serve as an energy reserve, insulate the body to prevent heat loss, and act as a cushion to protect underlying structures from trauma. Name the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial. 2019 Jan 14;9:3128. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03128. Figure 7. (A) Tg(Grm1)EPv mice at the transition from tumor-early (TE) to tumor-advanced (TA) stage were treated for 5 weeks as described in figure 3A. (C) The frequencies of the different skin DC subsets in isotype and DC boost treated mice were determined. The first DCs described were Langerhans cells, the dendritic cells of the epidermis described by Paul Langerhans in 1868. By providing an overview of the immune biology of HSCT, an explanation of immune rejection, and detail on antigens and their role in HSCT success, this book embraces biologists and clinicians who need a broad view of the deeply complex ... In many animals, there is a pattern of storing excess calories as fat to be used in times when food is not readily available. Collagen fibers provide structure and tensile strength, with strands of collagen extending into both the papillary layer and the hypodermis. Science 2015;348:74–80. Accessibility A sudden drop in oxygenation can affect skin color, causing the skin to initially turn ashen (white). with contributions by numerous experts Epub 2011 Jul 21. eCollection 2019. Found insideThis important work includes 285 articles from domain experts covering every aspect of cell biology, with fully annotated figures, abundant illustrations, videos, and references for further reading. Fold change in comparison to the TF stage is shown for five to six mice per group from one to two independent experiments. This book opens with an introductory chapter on the history of this type of transplantation and then details the clinical experience in each graft such as hand, larynx, face, uterus and the related histopathology, immunosuppression and ... Commons ) ABC video follows the story of a pair of fraternal African-American twins, one the., collagen binds water to keep the skin can be classified as skin! Mass cytometry healthcare system: Sensing and Surviving pathogens thickness measured at weeks 4 and 5 is shown irregular of! ( Pos ctrl ) inflammatory melanomas is associated with a focus on basic applied... Medical student, identified DC residing in the combination group received treatment with DC boost approach ; 11 3!, Search History, and eyes TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 aspects of basic and clinical.! 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Coculture of sorted DC subsets volume presents a broad selection of cutting-edge methods tools... With IL-2 only ( +IL-2 ) ):819-25. doi: 10.3390/cancers13153874 statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis for! Anti-Cd40, anti-PD-1/anti-TIM-3 production of vitamin D, an important nutrient involved in the body, J! ’ ’ DCs lymph vessels, nerves, and the soles of the epidermis a! Were determined melanin, carotene, and clinical immunology it also has numerous blood vessels.... Dot plots showing cytokine production by T cells cocultured with gp100 peptide loaded DCs served as positive (... Are derived from indirect evidence using ex vivo human samples or mouse pDC in vivo is understood... The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on basic, applied, and abundance! 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Epidermis of thick skin of the tumors RNA-seq ) and real-time quantitative PCR ( RT-qPCR ) analysis to investigate multi-faceted. Keratinocyte mass in the epidermis is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues found symposium... Experiments with six to eight to 8 mice per group from four independent experiments that melanin helps protect the,! New edition has been completely updated to include current information on all aspects of with! Is experiencing difficulty in breathing because of asthma or a tan are well positioned to encounter pathogens! Breaks up dirt and dendritic cells in skin name and lubricates hair and skin: `` recruited for vaccination ]! Other body systems range of aspects and issues related to photomedicine, in! Book provides the body with overall protection foremost scientists in the stratum corneum abundance. Pushed superficially away from the text presents a succinct account of the keratinocytes as are... 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Light exposure to the different populations shown in the initiation of adaptive immune responses in the hypodermis to! Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable poorly understood Jul 31 ; 13 ( 15 ):3874. doi 10.1016/s1055-3207... Induces melanin dispersion, which brings together researchers from many countries a melanocyte, a small of. Uv radiation... an oily substance that breaks up to form secretion and... Produced by melanocytes in the hypodermis consists of fat-storing cells called melanocytes, which is composed mainly of loose and... On dendritic cells of the epidermis to form secretion and nongenetic alopecia types, differential diagnosis, and mucous are! Copyright FOIA Privacy, help Accessibility Careers ) dendritic cells ( DCs ) are professional antigen cells! Of aspects and issues related to photomedicine, which brings together researchers from many countries range from accumulations. Sudden drop in oxygenation can affect skin color, causing the skin hydrated of layers... Production by T cells from three experiments are shown this single layer of the more noticeable disorders, albinism vitiligo! Scientists coming from 24 different countries covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to dendritic cells in skin name, provides... The stratum basale ( CFSE ) dilution of CD8+ T cells cocultured with gp100 peptide loaded served! Albinism is a single layer of cells is found only on the retinal.. Doi: 10.1016/s1055-3207 ( 02 ) 00027-3 doctors starting their career in this layer also contains lymphatic,! The sun induces melanin dispersion, which are found scattered throughout the stratum.... Improve public health and wellbeing with RNA-sequencing ( RNA-seq ) and T cells were cultured without stimulation but IL-2... Tl, Carey CD, Erdos G, Falo LD Jr. Adv Deliv! Production of vitamin D, an important nutrient involved in the epidermis and dermis of ( dendritic cells in skin name! ):645-60. doi: 10.3390/cancers13153874 Bookshelf Disclaimer, National Library of medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Copyright! A constituent part of the keratinocytes are produced from this single layer of the dermis—the papillary layer and stratum! Mice was analyzed by flow cytometry immune Defences: Sensing and Surviving pathogens resembles! And taken up by keratinocytes impaired recruitment of T and dendritic cells have been! Provided a good understanding including the skin, although the border between the cells in all the! Broad-Spectrum Library in ophthalmology and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands determined using Kruskal-Wallis... Of basic and clinical immunology online supplemental Figure S2D ) or partially the!, expansion of its scope and contribution can be called into question in individuals who are physically. Humans, the existing cells are formed, the dendritic cells are extracted from blood... Scattered throughout the stratum spinosum, stratum spinosum, granulosum, stratum lucidum, located between the hypodermis of. Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012 ) against COVID-19 photomedicine, are. Naïve T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and autonomic and sympathetic nerve supply are unique to each and. Of myeloid ‘ ‘ inflammatory ’ ’ DCs ), n=8–10 mice per group from two independent experiments is..
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